Why is it important for educators to understand how to interpret test Assignment

For what reason is it significant for instructors to see how to decipher test scores - Assignment Example Through this target and quantifiable evaluation, instructors can then gadget powerful strategies for mediation to improve the student’s execution and afterward retested again to check whether the intercession was successful. Deciphering test scores will likewise give educator’s the extraordinary understanding and capacity to survey the adequacy of their own showing strategy whether it has accomplished its objective by looking at the genuine scores of its target group to the their goal. It will likewise permit them to assess if the instruments they use for showing fill its need. This knowledge which grade understanding gives empower educator’s to address any distinguished any shortcoming both in their showing strategy and educational programs and gives them the chance to improve. Hence, it will be it significant for instructors to see how to decipher test scores not exclusively to rank or evaluation understudies, yet more critically, decide whether their techniques, apparatuses and their selves are powerful as teachers and that their devices and strategies effectively educate their

Piaget and early childhood

Support Excelsior College Even however Jean Paging spent more than thirty years back his work is still found in the homeroom today. There are three instructive rules that are gotten from Piglet's hypothesis that keep on majorly affecting both instructor preparing and homeroom rehearses, especially during youth. Revelation learning, affectability to kids' preparation to learn and acknowledgment of individual contrasts are the three instructive rules that are as yet affecting the instructive climate (Beer, 2010).Discovery learning urges kids to learn through disclosure by unconstrained connection with the earth. Instructors place things in their study hall that understudies can use for investigation and revelation. Youngsters can investigate workmanship supplies, estimating apparatuses, puzzles, table games, building squares, and so forth. To improve learning. Educators don't promptly introduce verbal information in this setting however empower revelation by these material methods (Bee r, 2010). Affectability to youngsters' preparation to take in is another guideline gotten from Page's theory.In this condition instructors present exercises that expand on kids' present reasoning, testing their erroneous methods of survey the world and empowering them to rehearse newfound subjects. Be that as it may if the kid doesn't not show intrigue or status the instructors won't train them until they show intrigue or preparation. In conclusion acknowledgment of individual contrasts, offers trustworthiness to Piglet's hypothesis that kids experience similar phases of advancement, they Just do it at various rates. Hence educators must arrangement exercises for little gatherings and not the entire class.Evaluations must be identified with the kid's past improvement instead of a normal dependent on regularizing gauges or identified with peers in a similar age gathering. This takes into account learning custom fitted to singular contrasts (Beer, 2010). Despite the fact that there ar e three primary standards of Piglet's hypothesis despite everything found in the study hall today, her likewise guessed that there are impediments to youth thinking. As indicated by Jean Pigged, egocentrics, preservation, focus and reversibility and the absence of various leveled arrangement, are impediments to youth thinking.These restrictions are angles in the operational phase of his psychological advancement hypothesis (Beer, 2010). Egocentrics, manages youngsters' capacity to see things structure another's perspective. Pigged directed a three mountains issue, in which a doll was set behind three particular mountains with the bigger one confronting the doll and the littler ones confronting the youngster. When requested to recognize an image from the doll's perspective they would just picked the image that spoke to what they saw from their place of view.Conservation is clarified as physical qualities of items continuing as before in any event, when their outward appearances chang e. In an exhibit a youngster is demonstrated two glasses with equivalent measures of fluid. The kid recognizes that the two glasses have a similar volume of fluid. He at that point pours the fluid of one glass into a taller glass. Kids on the operational period of reasoning will say that the glass that is taller has increasingly fluid despite the fact that they didn't perceive any extra fluid poured to build volume or any fluid expelled to diminish volume.This task additionally clarifies two different parts of his hypothesis, fixation and reversibility. In this examination the youngsters center, or focus on the stature of the glass. They don't process the way that the adjustments in stature and width are what cause the fluid to seem taller. This is the reason behind focus. Irreversibility is likewise influencing everything here. The kids can't turn around the procedure and believe that on the off chance that she pours the taller glass of fluid go into a similar glass it was spilled out of it would take on the first shape from the first glass..

Involvement in Your Residence Hall

Involvement in Your Residence Hall Its not everyday that you go to a new place and find such extraordinary connections with people immediately. Last year, I arrived on campus to move in to my new residence hall, Snyder Hall. I chose Snyder Hall specifically for its strict substance-free policy and was excited to live in a community that encouraged my lifestyle and choices. During the check-in process at Snyder, I was confronted with a table that displayed sign-ups for Hall Council. This seemed like an excellent opportunity to become involved in something that would directly contribute to my community and allow me to connect with my fellow residents. I would go on to be the secretary on Snyder Hall Council and love every second of it. Every meeting was filled with planning for spectacular events like Dial-A-Carol (more on that later this year) and Snyderpalooza (our in-hall alternative to unofficial). The best part about all of this is that I got to become close with some very cool people from diverse backgrounds. I can now safely say that these people have not only impacted my college experience but the way that I view community. Hall Council simply gave me connections that are irreplaceable for any freshman in college. Later that fall, I decided that I loved my experience on Snyder Hall Council so much that I was going to apply to become an RA. Fast forward almost a year, and I am now an RA at the greatest residence hall on the planet, Snyder Hall. As I start this school year, I look forward to being a resource and advocate for each of my residents in order to help them succeed in everything they are attempting. Additionally, my connections with my fellow staff are now providing me with such an amazing sense of community. Looking back on the last year, the best decision I have made on campus was signing up for Hall Council. I highly encourage anyone who wants to meet and connect with many new people and work together on amazing events for the community to sign up for Hall Council. I promise that anyone who does this will never be disappointed in the outcome. Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

How do You know Essay - 957 Words

I walk down the school hallway or the streets, and see couples holding hands or giving each other kisses on the cheek. A sickened look captures my face as I walk by and hear those three words, â€Å"I Love you†. Then it dawns on me, do they really love each other? Do they understand what they are saying? If it isn’t love what do they have? Many people question the difference between love and lust, and if they are able to have both. In my opinion, it is possible that love can turn into a passionate relationship and the sexual tension between two partners can eventually turn into love. However, there is no guarantee that one will generate the other. Lust means to have an intense desire or sexual need towards someone. It is just a mere†¦show more content†¦It is proven in this literary work that when having that sexual tension between another person, and getting passed what drew you near them in the first place, the two beings can eventually fall in love. On the other hand, there are being that are able to fall in love and confide in each other without being sexually attracted. This type of union is considered very genuine and unadulterated. In William Shakespeare’s, Sonnet 116, love is characterized in its most ideal form. The sonnet is congratulating lovers who have come to each other freely. The first four lines identifies the Shakespeare’s admiration for how love is stable and â€Å"wil l not alter when alterations finds† (Shakespeare 345). In the fifth line, he speaks about love being a guiding star to lost ships (wandering barks). The love theme of this sonnet expresses love in a positive way. When love comes first there is some other force that attracts them, which is not the desire of intercourse. In â€Å"Plato: The Perfect Union†, it is revealed that people long to find that person to become whole with. For example, â€Å"To Plato lovers are incomplete halves of single puzzle, searching for each other in order to become whole.† (Ackerman 877). It describes soul mates as being the true definition of romantic love. Specifically it says to â€Å"Bridle sexual urges† and â€Å"set higher goals†. Implicating that romantic love does not need flourish with just sex alone. â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† was about a man whoShow MoreRelatedDo You Know How You Survive? Essay2141 Words   |  9 PagesDo you know h ow to survive? Have you ever thought what the world would be like if there was no technology guiding us? Wonder a world would be like if not everyone had cars? Ever Wonder a world where any race besides white got beaten for saying anything? Imagine a world where not everyone had resources accessible to them for survival, technology to keep alive, or even awareness of certain diseases and ways to cure them. That was the life of people that lived in the era of the 1960s, where blacks didRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Depression Essay2726 Words   |  11 Pages though they may feel awkward and shy discussing the problem. And it does take courage to speak up, trust me-I know because I suffer from this condition and it took me quite awhile to get the nerve to speak to my doctor. But, talking with a regular doctor about depression really may not take care of the problem in the best way. Sure, the doctor will likely write a prescription for you, but with so many depression medications on the market it can be difficult to find the right one for each person-andRead MoreThe Day Of The Room1335 Words   |  6 PagesWow. Just wow. If Alina’s quarters indicated how they treated the Fair One then being the Fair One was good. Both her and her mom’s jaws collectively dropped as they soaked in the beauty that lay before them. It looked straight out of Architectural Died-and-gone-to-heaven-gest. To the left, a cool white kitchen with a swanky breakfast bar and pendant lights. Her mom appeared ready to drool. To the right, a gorgeous great room in whites, creams and browns. A plush beige sectional and chairs centeredRead MoreChapter 1 Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesLet’s take a look.’ Gilt spread out the painting on the table so that everyone could see. It’s very good. Her perspective is almost spot on. She added shade here, and here, to get a great deal of depth to the sea and shoreline. ï » ¿Doctor Pax asked, Do you think this place is real? Mosaic pointed his finger at the cliffs. It looks like the coast near Chauntsinger. Is that a shepherd’s hut on the hillside? Mole shook his head. No, I would say its a sea defence. A pillbox.’ ‘Erm...?’ ‘Yes, HarmonieRead MoreUnderstanding Schizophreni How Do You Know?870 Words   |  4 Pagesdelusions, social isolation, as well as intense suspicion or agitation, each of which contributed to the previous subtypes of schizophrenia. Today, individuals with schizophrenia are assessed severity of symptoms rather than by classification. How Do You Know Yesterday?s View and Today?s Knowledge Research has shown that one of the main factors of schizophrenia is genetics. Despite the fact that there has been no specific gene linked to the cause of schizophrenia, there is a gene related to theRead MoreWhile the Auto Waits1915 Words   |  8 Pagesin the way of expression. You may sit down, if you like, she said, in a full, deliberate contralto. Really, I would like to have you do so. The light is too bad for reading. I would prefer to talk. The vassal of Luck slid upon the seat by her side with complaisance. Do you know, be said, speaking the formula with which park chairmen open their meetings, that you are quite the stunningest girl I have seen in a long time? I had my eye on you yesterday. Didnt know somebody was bowled over byRead MoreHow Well Do You Know Me?1004 Words   |  5 Pages+ $500, 000 + $200, 000 $2, 700, 000 2. How high was the inï ¬â€šation rate between 2007 and 2008, based on the GDP deï ¬â€šator, and based on the CPI? Answer: Based on the GDP deï ¬â€šator, the inï ¬â€šation rate between 2007 and 2008 would be 7.3%, based on the CPI it is 7.8%. 3. Consider the following events: Mr. Jordan buys for himself a hundred year old Victorian house for $US 10 million, and Mr. O’Neal builds for himself a brand-new villa for $US 15 million. How much do these events together add to current GDPRead MoreUnderstanding Schizophreni How Do You Know?1916 Words   |  8 Pagesassessed severity of symptoms rather than by classification. How Do You Know Cain was a typical law student making his mark on the world. At twenty-four years old he was in his final year of law school, if he finished out his final stretch perfect there were already offers waiting for him. That was until Cain?s friends began to notice a change in him; over the course of the school year Cain began to change into someone they did not know. It began with Cain being a little more anxious than normal,Read MoreDo You Know How Mindfulness Can Help You?781 Words   |  4 PagesDo You Know How Mindfulness Can Help You? By Liz Kearns | Submitted On January 27, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Liz Kearns Mindfulness is a simple idea. Its power arises from itsRead MoreHow Do You Know You ve Witnessed A Murder?1410 Words   |  6 PagesHow Do You Know You’ve Witnessed a Murder? This question is a perplexing one, and will be explored throughout the following text. However, first a person must consider the value of a films translation of text into cinematic language. â€Å"A movie based on a literary source is often seen as a secondary work, consequently, of secondary value† (Cahir). What makes this ideology present in our society? What makes one translation considered more valuable than another? â€Å"Literature, generally, still occupies

We Live In A Society Where The Police Are Not Seen As The

We live in a society where the police are not seen as the good guy. People have a hard time believing they are safe with a policeman. Over the year’s things has changed for the public. Our technology is better and more connected with other people. Many videos of police over using their power are able to circulate over social media and the web. People are seeing many bad views on police than good. Which lead society hard to trust the people who protect and service us. Police misusing power leads to the debate of the constitutional law and amendments. Incidents like police handling their victims roughly have gone unpublished before better technology. Lawfulness and legitimacy plays a role in a police line of work, yet, society has changed†¦show more content†¦Due to the likely of the children to get shot or mistaken as a criminal with a weapon. There has been injustice death for those that did not live through a come across from an authority. Violations of arrest have happened where one’s rights are not respected or given. For this reason, many tend to consider the procedural justice than the outcome. Social interaction between the police and citizens are necessary and critical. If the community does not feel that their group of people do not matter to police this will create a deterrence. But, if the interaction between both succeed this can lead to compliance and understanding for an easier outcome for both sides. For example, gun offenders and other criminals feel lack of respect from officers. The smallest error one policeman can make can leave a harsh impression on all authority. In the same way, there can be stereotype for authority due to having the law to assist them to do illegal actions. This assisting them to getting away as much as they desire, which most of society believes. Peel s second principle of the nine implies the ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. This entitles that police are to maintain respect to keep the public respect and well being. So, why do those who encounter the police care for procedural justice? It is normal everyday life for one feel respect and as an equal. TheShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans Have Been Victims Of Racist And Discriminatory1533 Words   |  7 Pagesattention of the public by the media in scenarios of police brutality and unequal practices toward minority individuals; specifically African American men. Rodney King, Malice Green, Tamir Rice, Michael Brown, Freddie Gray, Eric Garner, and Walter Scott are all African American men that died at the hand s of the police. Police brutality can be defined as the use of excessive force, verbal assault, or psychological intimidation by a member of the police force. 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This seems to have created a notion throughout the United States that racism was not an issue for many years. Yet racism still seems to be engrained in American society, it is just hard to realize when it is happening. Recently racial controversies surrounding theRead MoreMarxism Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesdebate. It is more important to determine how exactly these common sense reactions are formed. In this essay, I will attempt to analyze law and crime through the lens of Marxist analysis. Common sense tells us that police officers are the good guys attempting to preserve society against the chaos and disorder that the criminals represent. Nobody will agree that this general rule is universally true, as the incidents in the Rampart Division of the LAPD illustrate. 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Its also explain that the ability of living together in harmony is one of lesson learned from Piil. Bali tribe also famous with Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, Tatwam Asi, meaning as â€Å"I is I am and you is you are, even we are differentRead MoreYouth in Crime Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesAppearance, location, and race all deal with how people as well as police authority characterize individuals without truly knowing how that person is. Race is one of the biggest factors when it comes to criminalization because of what people see on the media and from what they are told. It usually is the younger generation that are viewed as criminals not only because of where they live and who they associate themselves with, or with what is seen on the media but also because some young people come from aRead MoreCrime in our society836 Words   |  4 Pagesand therefore more challenging. Criminals are becoming more organised and sophisticated, operating with little regard for national boundaries. What is Crime? 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Segmentation of Mercedes Benz Free Essays

Case 2 Nuclear Energy: Making a Comeback? In the 2010 State of the Union address, the president called for more clean-energy jobs, with expansion of nuclear power as an alternative energy source. He declared, â€Å"To create more of these clean energy jobs, we need more production, more efficiency, more incentives. And that means building a new generation of safe, clean nuclear power plants in this country. We will write a custom essay sample on Segmentation of Mercedes Benz or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Other countries, such as Great Britain, are already planning to build new nuclear plants. Although none have been built in the United States for many years, the 104 currently operating plants generate almost 20 percent of America’s electricity. Wind and solar energy together generate less than 5 percent. An alloy of enriched uranium powers nuclear reactors. How large is the world’s supply of uranium? How long will it last? Uranium, a metal, is relatively common and can be found in rocks and even seawater as well as in ore deposits in the earth. With 24 percent, Australia has the largest supply overall, but Kazakhstan recently declared that it had surpassed Australia’s output. Canada has less than 10 percent of the world’s supply, but has the highest concentration of top-quality ore. Worldwide, about 67,00 tons of uranium are used each year. At current demand, that supply is expected to last about 70 years. The World Nuclear Association (WNA) predicts that nuclear reactor capacity will increase by about 27 percent in the next decade and that the demand for uranium will grow by 33 percent in response. There is some debate about when the demand for uranium will be greater than the supply that can be mined economically. Antinuclear activists point out that mineral resources are nonrenewable. Just as the world will eventually run out of oil and coal, it will also run out of uranium. Some analysts believe that this will happen sooner rather than later. Environmentalists object to destructive mining techniques. In Australia, activists are concerned with the land rights of indigenous Australians. Another potential roadblock is that uranium mining in general is impeded by a lack of infrastructure and a shortage of experienced workers, factors that drive up processing costs. And, a still-unsolved and crucial problem is how to manage safe, long-term storage of spent nuclear rods, which continue to emit radioactivity. The World Nuclear Association disagrees with these assessments. First, not all uranium deposits have been discovered. Since 1975, the number of known deposits has tripled. Advances in geological research and more exploration will detect many more. As mining techniques improve, known deposits that are currently unreachable will become economically accessible. The WNA predicts that at current rates of usage, known supplies will last 200 years rather than 70 or 80. Second, ore deposits are not the only sources of uranium. It is also found in nuclear weapons, available because of various disarmament treaties. The end of the Cold War in the late 1980s also meant the end of the nuclear arms race. Nuclear warheads contain high-quality enriched uranium. Utility companies and governments also have stockpiles of the metal. Third, research is ongoing to make enrichment facilities and reactors more energy efficient. Fourth, unlike oil or coal, uranium can be recycled from spent nuclear fuel rods and from tailings (uranium left over from the enrichment process). These techniques should also improve over time. Other sources, such as phosphates and seawater, could become economically viable in the future. Questions for Critical Thinking 1. What factors do you think will affect the supply and demand curve for nuclear energy? 2. Describe what type of competition you predict will arise in the nuclear energy industry. How to cite Segmentation of Mercedes Benz, Papers

Sentence Completion Test Essay Example For Students

Sentence Completion Test Essay JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT, 74(3), 371–383 Copyright  © 2000, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Sentence Completion Tests: A Review of the Literature and Results of a Survey of Members of the Society for Personality Assessment Margot Holaday, Debra A. Smith, and Alissa Sherry Department of Psychology University of Southern Mississippi Test usage surveys consistently find that sentence completion tests (SCTs) are among the most popular personality assessment instruments used by practitioners. What is not noted is which SCTs practitioners are using, why these tests are so popular, and whether practitioners are using formal scoring. We surveyed a random selection of 100 members of the Society for Personality Assessment. With a 60% return rate on a single mailing, we found that most psychologists who use incomplete sentence tests use the Rotter (1951) Incomplete Sentences Blank with children (18%), adolescents (32%), and adults (47%). Most practitioners said they do not read stems aloud and record answers themselves, and even fewer said they use formal scoring. The most common reasons for using an SCT are (a) to use it as part of an assessment battery (41 endorsements), (b) to determine personality structure (18 endorsements), and (c) to elicit quotable quotes (17 endorsements). Implications for practitioners and training suggestions for academicians who prepare future psychologists are noted. Test usage surveys consistently find that sentence completion tests (SCTs) are among the most commonly used personality assessment instruments. They were ranked second by Japanese clinicians (Ogawa Piotrowski, 1992, as cited in Piotrowski, Keller, Ogawa, 1993), third by clinical psychologists (Goh Fuller, 1983), fifth by clinicians working with adolescents (Archer, Maruish, Imhof, Piotrowski, 1991), fourth by school psychologists (Kennedy, Faust, Willis, Piotrowski, 1994), fifth by representatives of mental health service providers, and third by members of the Society for Personality Assessment in response to the question: â€Å"With what 5 projective tests should the professional practitioner be competent? † (Piotrowski, 1985, p. 81). It is curious that SCTs are referred to as a generic 372 HOLADAY, SMITH, SHERRY classification, yet other personality instruments are ranked in these surveys by name (e. g. , Rorschach or Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 ), not by category (e. g. , inkblot and storytelling technique). Despite the recognized popularity of SCTs, what is not known is which ones practitioners are using, whether they score these instruments according to any theory or guideline, why the tests are so popular, or why they are lumped together as if they all provide the same psychological information. This information is important to academicians who are charged with preparing future psychologists to perform appropriately on their internships and to practitioners who develop their own test batteries to provide the most patient information in the least amount of time. To become familiar with the possible pool of SCT choices, we reviewed the literature and logged the following information about each SCT: name of test; author(s); date first discussed; theory, rationale, or purpose; population for whom it was developed; number of items; subscales, if any; scoring procedures; reliability; validity; and any other relevant information. SCT LITERATURE REVIEW The Tendler Sentence Completion Test (Tendler, 1930) is based on psychodynamic theory; its primary purpose is to help psychologists gain emotional insight into patients’ problems. It has 20 stems and can be given to patients of any age if they can perform the task. The Tendler Sentence Completion Test has no subscales, and scoring procedures are based on the projective hypothesis and clinical judgment. Reliability is not reported. Content validity is claimed through qualitative analysis of patients’ biographical information. According to Tendler, stems are designed to provoke emotional states, such as sadness or happiness, rather than thought processes. All stems are published in the original article. The Sentence Completion Test for the Office of Strategic Services Assessment Program (Murray MacKinnon, 1946; Stein, 1947, 1949) is a free-association method used by the Veterans Administration. It is based on psychodynamic theory with the stated purpose of analyzing brief responses to assess program candidates’ personalities. This instrument was designed for adults and has 100 stems examining family, past experiences, drives, goals, cathexes, energy, time perspective, reaction to others, and others’ reaction to the candidate. According to the authors, the test should be administered in two parts because of its length. Scoring is based on clinical judgment and the projective hypothesis. Helpful techniques for analyzing responses are included in the article. Reliability is not reported. Content validity is based on correlations between the candidate’s personality and the psychologist’s experience, insight, and knowledge of the dynamics of behavior. All stems are published in Stein’s (1947) article. The Incomplete Sentences Blank (Rotter, 1951; Rotter Willerman, 1947) was developed as a screening method to identify maladjusted high school and college SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS 373 students. Forty-item forms are available for each group with only minor differences between them. There are no subscales. Scoring requires judging responses on content (positive, neutral, or conflict) using three levels of numerical weights. Underlying theory is not mentioned. Reliability coefficients are based on interrater agreement (. 44–. 1) and test–retest scores from 6 months to 3 years (. 38–. 54). Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating obtained scores with level of psychiatric disturbance as judged by clinicians (. 20–. 39) and personality tests such as the MMPI, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (Rotter, Lah, Rafferty, 1992). Although the original norm tables were published in 1949, findings from more recent studies are included in the 1992 manual. Means of different samples of college students range from 119. 9 to 148. 5, indicating that local norms must be established to interpret results. The instrument is published by the Psychological Corporation (Rotter et al. , 1992). The Forer Structured Sentence Completion Test (written in 1950; Forer, 1960, 1993) was designed to focus on a wide variety of attitudes and value systems and is based on Henry Murray’s theory of needs, press, and inner states. There are no norms given, but there are forms for adolescent boys or girls and adult men or women. The instrument has 100 items, with four subscales: Interpersonal Figures, Wishes, Causes of Personal Emotions, and Reactions to Emotions. Responses are scored by using a checklist and clinical evaluation form to analyze the subscales on a variety of emotions, drives, and desires. No reliability or validity information is reported in the manual. The test is available through Western Psychological Services (1998). The Sentence Completion Test (Sacks Levy, 1950) was developed to explore specific clusters of attitudes or significant areas of an individual’s life. The theoretical basis or appropriate ages of test takers have not been reported. It is a 60-item instrument with four subscales (Family, Sex, Interpersonal Relationships, and Self-Concepts), each of which is measured on 15 different attitudes, such as fears, guilt, and goals. A rating sheet with the four appropriate stems rearranged under the 15 attitude headings allows a clinician to rate the examinee’s responses on a continuum that ranges from no significant disturbance to severely disturbed. Reported interrater agreement coefficients range from . 48 to . 57 and â€Å"77% of the statements were rated in close agreement with clinical findings† (Sacks Levy, 1950, p. 372). Stems, rating table, and scoring instructions are published in the 1950 article. An adaptation of this test translated into Hebrew was used with children living in a kibbutz (Rabin, 1965). The Miale–Holsopple Sentence Completion Test (Holsopple Miale, 1954) was designed to permit the expression of thoughts and feelings in a nonthreatening manner by adults. According to the authors, the test was not designed to conform to a theory but was a means to â€Å"draw valid inferences concerning unconscious and semiconscious desires, motives, conflicts, and systems of personality organization† (p. 1). There are 73 sentence stems, no subscales, and no formal scoring procedures. 374 HOLADAY, SMITH, SHERRY According to the authors, reliability and validity coefficients for psychological tests are â€Å"illusory,† and sentence completion interpretations should be the responsibility of the examiner. The complete test is published in the authors’ book, Sentence Completi on: A Projective Method for the Study of Personality (Holsopple Miale, 1954; see also Potash, de Fileo Crespo, Patel, Ceravolo, 1990). The Sentence Completion Method (A. R. Rohde, 1946, 1957; B. R. Rohde, 1960), which is based on Murray’s theory of needs, was designed to uncover reactions and needs that lie deeper than those generally acknowledged by the individual. The instrument has 65 items, with no specific subscales. Scoring is based on Murray’s need states and environmental forces (press) with the inner integrates, inner states, and general states that are reproduced in A. R. Rohde’s (1957) book. Scoring examples and norms are reported for ninth-grade students. Interrater reliability was 95% on 36 protocols, and test–retest reliability ranged from . 76 to . 82. Concurrent validation using teacher ratings as the criterion yielded coefficients from . 30 to . 96. All stems and scoring procedures have been published in A. R. Rohde’s (1957) book The Sentence Completion Method. The Peck Sentence Completion (Peck, 1959) is based on psychodynamic theory and principles of free association, and its purpose is to measure the mental health of normal adults. Individuals age 40 or older were participants for a quantitative analysis. Responses to the 41 stems (called attitudes) were rated as positive, negative, or neutral, implying high or low levels of adjustment. A large number of â€Å"unhealthy† responses indicated maladjustment. Interrater agreement ranged from . 53 to . 86. Ten of the 41 statements correctly identified individuals as having high or low adjustment as judged by their responses on the Thematic Apperception Test and interviews. The article in which the Peck Sentence Completion test was reproduced included an interesting commentary about what it meant â€Å"to be a typical, normal American† (Peck, 1959, p. 253) in 1959. The Aronoff Sentence Completion (Aronoff, 1967) was developed to integrate sociology with Maslow’s theory of personality. Aronoff used this instrument to study the underlying needs of adults in a homogeneous cultural group that might have been influential in forming their sociocultural system. There are no norms and no subscales for the 33 sentence stems and the 13 projective questions. Responses are studied to understand how individual needs are related to the culture of a group within the framework of Maslow’s needs. No reliability or validity information is reported. All items and questions are reproduced with scoring examples in Aronoff’s (1967) book, Psychological Needs and Cultural Systems. The Personnel Reaction Blank (Gough, 1971) is based on a theory of antisocial behavior and was designed to measure integrity (character) for the purpose of selecting future employees to fill nonmanagerial positions. Appropriate for applicants over the age of 14, the Personnel Reaction Blank has 90 items, but only 42 are scored. Items are divided into two sections: work preferences and personal reactions. Hand-scoring keys are printed on each page of the test. Reported split-half SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS 375 reliability is . 73, and test–retest reliability is . 56. Validity coefficients range from . 20 to . 57. The test can be ordered through Consulting Psychologists Press (1998). Loevinger’s Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development (Washington University Sentence Completion; Loevinger, 1987; Loevinger Wessler, 1970; Loevinger, Wessler, Redmore, 1970) is a 36-item test used to measure the level of ego development based on Loevinger’s theory of personality. It is appropriate for individuals ages 12 and older. Separate forms containing only minor differences are available for women and men. Each response is classified as Impulsive, Self-Protective, Conformist, Self-Aware, Conscientious, Individualistic, or Integrative (Hy Loevinger, 1996). Lord Of The Flies - What Evil Lurks In The H EssayThese off-balance, nonsequential probes are what make an open-ended SCT different from a structured (or even unstructured) interview, yet a fourth of the respondents said that one of the reasons they used an SCT was â€Å"as a substitute for a structured interview. † If that is the case, then the stems should represent a sampling of all the questions one would ask in a standard interview, except they would be randomly ordered. However, none of the 15 tests we reviewed contain all the questions usually included in a structured interview. Twenty-four respondents reported that they did not score SCTs administered to children, 27 said they did not score adolescents’ SCTs, and 26 said they did not score tests given to adults. Apparently examiners, relying on their own clinical skills, interpret the content of responses according to their own theoretical orientation. Over a period of years, examiners might become so familiar with typical responses from their client populations that unusual responses stand out. In other words, examiners become their own databases, and they informally establish local norms for their practice. For example, Margot Holaday, who worked with adolescents for 11 years, could argue strongly that the following benign response is highly unusual from 16-year-old males and warrants further examination: â€Å"I like †¦ my mom. † Examiners who rely on clinical skills instead of formal scoring to interpret SCTs should use the same SCT consistently with all clients rather than switching from one to another, so that unusual responses will stand out. The reasons why examiners use SCTs appear to be related to the way the test is administered; that is, whether the client or the therapist reads and writes responses. Practitioners who (a) want to observe behavior, handwriting, or written-language skills; (b) want to keep their client busy while scoring something else; or (c) are conducting research would gain more information if clients worked independently. Only tests completed by the client alone can be accurately scored. On the other hand, if the goal were to determine personality structure, to develop a therapy strategy, or to establish rapport, examiners would be more likely to read stems and record answers themselves. The interaction between the examiner and the examinee becomes another source of information. Practitioners also reported using SCTs to obtain quotable quotes that could lend support to diagnoses in psychological reports, to â€Å"find out what the client wants you to know,† and to discover â€Å"cognitive themes not revealed by other tests. † Many of the stems on the Incomplete Sentence Blank could provide direct information to corroborate diagnoses. For example, â€Å"I feel †¦ like crying† might be linked to depression, dysthymia, or adjustment disorders; â€Å"I regret †¦ nothing† could indicate denial, conduct disorder, or antisocial personality disorder; â€Å"At bedtime †¦ I have trouble sleeping† could reveal posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, or insomnia. In other words, SCTs provide unique SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS 381 information about clients that cannot be obtained by other tests because the open-ended questions permit a wider range of responses than other projective tests or paper-and-pencil personality tests. Limitations of the Study Although 60 members of the Society for Personality Assessment responded to the survey, a second mailing might have encouraged more people to return their questionnaires. We wish we had asked everyone who reported using tests not listed on the survey to send us a copy. People might be using old tests that had been copied and retyped so many times that the original author’s name had been forgotten. It is also possible that practitioners have devised their own tests that contain new stems that permit a wider understanding of client personalities. These new stems or prompts might yield important information that could be shared with other practitioners. Implications for Academic Instructors Students should be exposed to a wide variety of SCTs and should choose ones that comprise stems that are appropriate for their client’s developmental age, psychological functioning, and cultural milieu. Tests developed for college students should not be used with elementary school children or older clients who have been out of school for 30 years or more. In addition, SCTs should be theory based and should contribute substantially to diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. For example, practitioners whose theoretical orientation is existential would probably gain much information if their SCT included stems that ask about thoughts and feelings about death. A cognitive behaviorist might be more interested in stems that explore clients’ attributional beliefs. A therapist working with minority or disenfranchised groups should include questions relevant to that group’s functioning within a majority society very different from their own. Most SCTs do not have stems asking about spirituality, eating habits, sexuality, illness, anxiety, addictions, prejudice, money, or employment, yet many clients have problems in these areas. Students should be taught how to develop additional items to be added to standard SCTs that are relevant to their practice. Using the same test developed by themselves for many years allows them to become their own databases. It also saves money, because they do not have to purchase copyrighted SCTs. Because most practitioners do not score their SCTs, it does not make sense to spend class time teaching scoring methods. SCTs apparently will remain popular with practitioners, because the tests provide so much information that is valuable for diagnoses, treatment planning, and report writing. Although the Incomplete Sentences Blank is the most popular test reported by members of the Society for Personality Assessment, it is not necessarily the best SCT for all clients. Practitioners may be better served by writing some of their own stems, reading them aloud to their clients, and recording the responses 382 HOLADAY, SMITH, SHERRY themselves. SCTs should (a) be tailored to provide appropriate and accurate information about clients’ personalities, (b) be based on the theoretical orientations of the examiner, (c) reflect the needs and expectations of clients’ cultural and religious backgrounds, and (d) be appropriate for clients’ academic and mental developmental levels. REFERENCES Archer, R. P. , Maruish, M. , Imhof, E. A. , Piotrowski, C. (1991). Psychological test usage with adolescent clients: 1990 survey findings. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 247–252. Aronoff, J. (1967). Psychological needs and cultural systems. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. Brown, L. H. , Unger, M. A. (1998). PAR comprehensive catalog. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Consulting Psychologists Press. (1998). Consulting Psychologists Press catalog. Palo Alto, CA: Author. Forer, B. (1960). Word association and sentence completion methods. In A. I. Rabin M. R. Haworth (Eds), Projective techniques with children (pp. 210–224). New York: Grune Stratton. Forer, B. R. (1993). The Forer Structured Sentence Completion Test. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Goh, D. S. , Fuller, G. B. (1983). Current practices in the assessment of personality and behavior by school psychologists. School Psychology Review, 12, 240–243. Gough, H. G. (1971). Preliminary manual for the â€Å"Personnel Reaction Blank. † Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Hamberger, M. J. , Friedman, D. , Rosen, J. (1996). Completion norms collected from younger and older adults for 198 sentence contexts. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 28, 102–108. Holsopple, J. Q. , Miale, F. R. (1954). Sentence completion: A projective method for the study of personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas. Holt, R. R. (1980). Loevinger’s measure of ego development: Reliability and national norms for male and female short forms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 909–920. Hy, L. X. , Loevinger, J. (1996). Measuring ego development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Kennedy, M. L. , Faust, D. , Willis, W. G. , Piotrowski, C. (1994). Social emotional assessment practices in school psychology. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 12, 228–240. Lanyon, B. P. , Lanyon, R. I. (1979). Incomplete Sentence Task instruction manual. Chicago: Stoelting. Loevinger, J. (1987). Paradigms of personality. New York: Freeman. Loevinger, J. (Ed. ). (1998). Technical foundations for measuring ego development: The Washington University Sentence Completion Test. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaun Associates, Inc. Loevinger, J. , Wessler, R. (1970). Measuring ego development (Vol. 1). San Diego, CA: Jossey-Bass. Loevinger, J. , Wessler, R. , Redmore, C. (1970). Measuring ego development (Vol. 2). San Diego, CA: Jossey-Bass. Mayers, K. S. (1991). A sentence completion task for use in the assessment of psychotic patients. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 9, 19–30. Murray, H. A. , MacKinnon, D. W. (1946). Assessment of OSS personnel. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 10, 76–80. Peck, R. F. (1959). Measuring the mental health of normal adults. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 60, 197–255. SENTENCE COMPLETION TESTS 383 Piotrowski, C. (1985). Clinical assessment: Attitudes of the Society for Personality Assessment membership. Southern Psychologist, 2, 80–83. Piotrowski, C. , Keller, J. W. , Ogawa, T. (1993). Projective techniques: An international perspective. Psychological Reports, 72, 179–182. Potash, H. M. , de Fileo Crespo, A. , Patel, S. , Ceravolo, A. (1990). Cross-cultural attitude assessment with the Miale–Holsopple Sentence Completion Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 657–662. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. (1998). PAR comprehensive catalog. Odessa, FL: Author. Rabin, A. I. (1965). Growing up in the kibbutz. New York: Springer. Rabin, A. I. , Zltogorski, Z. (1985). The Sentence Completion Method: Recent research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 641–647. Rohde, A. R. (1946). Exploration in psychology by the Sentence Completion Method. Journal of Applied Psychology, 30, 169–181. Rohde, A. R. (1957). The Sentence Completion Method. New York: Ronald. Rohde, B. R. (1960). Word association and sentence completion methods. In A. I. Rabin M. R. Haworth (Eds. ), Projective techniques with children (pp. 210–224). New York: Grune Stratton. Rotter, J. B. (1951). Word association and sentence completion methods. In H. H. Anderson G. L. Anderson (Eds. , An introduction to projection techniques (pp. 279–310). New York: Prentice Hall. Rotter, J. B. , Lah, M. I. , Rafferty, J. E. (1992). Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace. Rotter, J. B. , Willerman, B. (1947). The Incomplete Sentences Test as a method of studying personality. Journa l of Consulting Psychology, 11, 43–48. Sacks, J. M. , Levy, S. (1950). The Sentence Completion Test. In L. E. Abt L. Bellak (Eds. ), Projective psychology (pp. 357–402). New York: Knopf. Stein, M. I. (1947). The use of a sentence completion test of the diagnosis of personality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3, 45–56. Stein, M. I. (1949). The record and a sentence completion test. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, 448–449. Tendler, A. D. (1930). A preliminary report on a test for emotional insight. Journal of Applied Psychology, 14, 122–136. Western Psychological Services. (1998). Western Psychological Services catalog. Los Angeles: Author. Williams, R. E. , Vincent, K. R. (1985). Loevinger’s Washington University Sentence Completion Test. In D. J. Keyser R. C. Sweetland (Eds. ), Test critique (Vol. 3, pp. 395–401). Kansas City, MO: Westport. Margot Holaday Department of Psychology University of Southern Mississippi Box 5025 Hattiesburg, MS 39406–5025 Received March 4, 1999 Revised April 30, 1999

Beowulf Vs. Macbeth

Literature is full of different genres and specific styles which help create varied works. The pieces of literature are imaginative and absolutely different writings which may be united under the genres and styles. However, even when the genres differ, it is possible to come across some specific similarities. Reading Beowulf, an Anglo Saxon poem, and Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the first impression is that these two pieces of literature are not alike. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf Vs. Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, a close reading of these two pieces also makes sure that a tragedy, the genre of Macbeth, and the epic poem, Beowulf’s genre, have a number of similarities, however the differences are more numerous. Comparing and contrasting the genres of these two plays the similarities are more interesting for consideration as they are more difficult for identification. It i s important to point to the similarities in Beowulf and Macbeth, they are as follows, the presentation of the heroes, the consideration of the ethical themes and the final stage of the plays which helps to draw some ethical conclusions based on the peculiarity of the actions of the heroes. It is not a secret that the presentation of the heroes differs from genre to genre, however, reading both these pieces of literature, it becomes obvious that both heroes in the epic poem and in the tragedy are notable people full of brave intentions and desire to act in favor of the society. Macbeth is a tragic hero who is a leader in the society, possesses some particular extraordinary features. Here is how the author describes him, For brave Macbeth–well he deserves that name– Disdaining fortune, with his brandish’d steel, Which smoked with bloody execution, Like valour’s minion carved out his passage Till he faced the slave; Which ne’er shook hands, nor bade f arewell to him, Till he unseam’d him from the nave to the chaps, And fix’d his head upon our battlements (Shakespeare 8). The characteristics of Beowulf is as follows, â€Å"the hero had acted with flawless courage†¦ he was the most famous of exiles, a protector of warriors, acknowledged among men for his valorous deeds, his remarkable strength – after Heremod’s struggles came to an end, the eclipsed that hero (Beowulf 26)†. Considering these two quotes from the texts, the similarity is obvious. Being tragic and epic heroes, they are similar in being the protectors and hopes for their societies. Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author presented their main characters in different genres as similar as no other genres could perform. Therefore, it should be concluded that tragic and epic genres are similar in presenting the main ch aracters, the heroes of their times. These two pieces of writing, tragic and epic, help consider the ethical and moral side of the discussion. Macbeth makes a severe mistake. His pride and self-assured behavior does not give him an opportunity to see all the warning and at the end the hero dies being combated and destroyed. The death of the main character is the characteristic feature of the tragedy as the genre. Macbeth stands on the path of violence â€Å"seeing himself at a point of no return† (Beardwood and Macdonell 7). Shakespeare presents this part in the text as follows, â€Å"Returning were as tedious as go o’er’† (Shakespeare 89). Beowulf is also concerned with the human values and moral choices. The epic heroes â€Å"are capable of performing acts of great courage; they are also capable of suffering intensely for their deeds† (Warsh and Spring 22). Thus, the ethical concern of the heroes is one more similarity in two pieces of writing . However, the close consideration of the moral actions of each of the heroes helps conclude that pride was the failure in Macbeth, while Beowulf managed to conserve the positive attitude of the society by means of his actions. Straggling with dragons and other dangerous creatures, Beowulf showed himself as a person of great courage and fearless performance who is able to cope with difficulties. Of course, the tragedy and the epic poem contain more themes which are presented in the plays, more problems which are solved and more conclusions which allow the audience to create personal opinion about the main character as the heroes who were presented as the leaders of the society. The final scenes are very important in understanding the main purpose of the discussion. Considering Beowulf as the character who kills monsters for the benefit of the mankind, the authors wants the audience to look at him as not as on the fighter, but as on â€Å"a large scale of the human history† ( Warsh and Spring 23), even though the epic poems do not have the aim to present the history in the chronological order. Several specific situations are considered and a reader can draw a conclusion about the whole mankind. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf Vs. Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Macbeth has different conclusions where his mistakes are reveled. The death of the main character is the main characteristic feature of the play that offers audience food for thoughts what could be in case Macbeth performed in another way. The human actions are offered as the basis for analysis and the reader should clearly get the main idea of the last speeches. She should have died hereafter. There would have been a time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time. And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to d usty death. Out, out, brief candle. Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing (Shakespeare 146). These lines are full of pain to Lady Macbeth, however, even her death does not make Macbeth look at life from another angle. He understands what the warning says only when it is too late. Therefore, it may be concluded that tragedy and epic poetry are two different genres, however, having considered the examples of Beowulf, an Anglo Saxon poem, and Macbeth by William Shakespeare it may be concluded that there are several similarities between these two plays. The features of the main characters, their goals as the leaders of the society, the moral and ethical lessons and the final scenes which are the most important in understanding the main idea of the plays are the similarities which are the central here. Tragedy and epic poem are a bsolutely different genres aimed at achieving various goals by means of particular methods, however, the plays under consideration help to conclude that the similarities are also possible even within various genres. Works Cited Beardwood, Robert and Kate Macdonell. Macbeth. New York: Insight Publications, 2011. Print. Beowulf. New York: Wordsworth Editions, 2007. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. New York: Filiquarian Publishing, LLC., 2007. Print. Warsh, Lewis and Michael Spring. Beowulf. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, 1984. Print. This essay on Beowulf Vs. Macbeth was written and submitted by user Sylas Hyde to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Latinos in Entertainment & The Portrayal of a Culture essays

Latinos in Entertainment & The Portrayal of a Culture essays Today, more than ever, mass media communications play a vital role in informing the daily decisions that shape our lives. Similarly, opinion polls and images that are broadcast persistently over the airways increasingly influence the public policies and programs that govern our nation. The entertainment industry is a closed industry with few opportunities to gain access. Many who manage an entrance do so by taking internships at studios, networks and production companies, etc. These opportunities are given to young adults known to persons already within the industry usually to their acquaintances, family and friends. Since there are few Latinos in the industry, the opportunities given to them are rare. When viewing the images seen on the screen, people write about what they know. Since there is only a sprinkling of Latino writers being produced, the Latino image with a Latino perspective is rarely seen. Instead what you see is non-Latinos' ideas of what a Latino is. Often this im age comes from the negative stereotypes writers have seen in film and TV, or the news, or from Latinos they know, most of whom are their waiters, maids, gardeners or nannies. As Latinos are the largest and fastest growing minority in our nation, they represent a significant proportion of the viewership of these media outlets. Correspondingly, their self-perceptions and interactions with the media should play an important role in determining how the media are governed and how Latinos can demand accountability from those who regulate them. There are to be definite distinctions in how Latinos are portrayed or even publicized in our U.S. media. When we look at America today many may coin the term Hyphenated America: land of Italian-Americans, Irish-Americans, German-Americans, African-Americans, and Mexican-Americans. The hyphenated identity has deep roots in American racial and ethnic history. This is the context in which Latinos must be conside...

Why am I here, in this Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why am I here, in this Class - Essay Example My mother is a great woman who sacrificed a lot for her family and her children. She did not receive many good opportunities in her life and hence she could not complete her high school years. Despite of her efforts, my other siblings could not make it to college. My mother’s efforts and her desire to see her children achieve a good educational stand fuelled the passion in me to attend college. The inability of my siblings to attend college further pushed me to strive harder to achieve a good academic stand and pursue my future education in the best possible way so that I could have a great career. I am here in this English class to avail the most of my opportunity to attend college and to gain the most from the knowledge imparted by my teachers. The importance and significance of English language on the global scale cannot be denied. English is an international language that is used almost universally in most of the countries of the world. It is a means of communication globa lly used by people from different places and regions to interact with each other. It is the official language of the most important internationally recognized organizations across the world. Furthermore, the best universities across the globe also impart education in English and thus it is important to have a good stand in English language. This language serves to be useful in all aspects of an individual’s life. It is important for acquiring higher level education and it is also essential in other key sectors which include business, travel and medicine. I believe that English is a language which is important not only during the educational years of an individual but it is also a language which is of extreme importance in the professional field of a person if he wishes to become a part of an internationally accredited organization. My purpose to attend this class stands clear as I wish to have a good command over English Language so that my writing, reading as well as communi cating skills in English improves. I wish to give my undivided attention towards understanding the important grammatical aspects of English so that not only does my written English get better but my fluency and speaking power also advances. Furthermore, this class is of utmost importance because a good command over English will assist me in understanding the other subjects taught in college. This is because English is the language which is used for teaching the other subjects as well. I wish to enhance my vocabulary and grammatical skills through proper learning of English. This learning will also prove to be beneficial for me in the long run as it will be of assistance to me in my future education in university as well. It will help me in understanding my course subjects. English is a language which is a medium of communication and thus my learning would provide for improving my interactive skills and boast my self-confidence as I would easily be able to collaborate and interact wi th my colleagues, friends and teachers. English will be of help to me in my professional career as well as it will provide me with an opportunity to appear confidently in interviews in good organizations. I will be able to collaborate and interact with my employers as well as coworkers in a fluent manner. I have had a difficult life but I managed to make my way through to college by facing all the hurdles that came my way. I made my mother as well as my siblings proud by reaching to a level where they wished to see me. I will work hard to make the most out of my educational years so that I can achieve success and prove myself in the academic as well as professional field. My presence in this English class is a step towards the accomplishment of my goals in my education.

Modern management of Honda Company Research Paper

Modern management of Honda Company - Research Paper Example Honda is the leading global developer of motorcycles and internal combustion engines. It is located in Singapore, Japan. This company became dominant over Nissan in 2001 and gained the position of one of the most successful and largest manufacturers in Japan. In 2008 Honda over passed Chrysler and became the greatest manufacturer in the USA. In the world the Company gains the position of the sixth largest manufacturer of automobile. As far as we can see, the company is a powerful and estimable competitor in the arena of the global automobile industry. In order to advance its positions in the modern world, Honda should increase its sales. Unlike its main competitors, the Detroit Big Three and Toyota, Honda gained a 1% increase of sales in America (The Official Website of Honda). Still, there is a need to focus more on the demands of global markets and take into account advanced needs if the customers all over the world. Two basic pillars of the modern demand of the automobile industry is environmental safety and energy efficiency. Moreover, in accordance with recent statistical data: â€Å"Honda is the largest engine maker in the world, producing nearly 11 million engines annually for its three product lines, including sales of engines to other manufacturers. Honda also builds products in more than 100 manufacturing plants in 33 countries, employing more than 125,000 associates globally† (The Official Website of Honda). The most beneficial strategy chosen by Honda in terms of economical crisis in the world can be illustrated by the Civic and the Accord automobiles. These models of automobiles are of mid-size and there is a high fuel-efficiency of the vehicles. There is also an essential flexibility of the automobiles. Moreover, within the last decade Honda managed to create their factories more flexible and these are able to reshape any Honda model of the automobile at any moment. Global locations of the Company’s plants in such countries as Canada , England, Brazil, Belgium and many others indicate their leading positions of Japanese market and the important role it plays globally (Honda Raffles Trip to Japan to Celebrate 20 Years).   Another benefit of Honda is its acknowledgement by the customers around the globe, because it produces economically friendly automobiles. Moreover, constant innovative developments indicate Honda’s ability to be successful in the global arena. High quality products at a low price- this is one of the main advantages of the company as well, especially in the post-crisis economical period. Environmental factors affecting business Modern automobile industry exists in a challenging global environment. Such factors, as social, political, economic and technological ones should be taken into account by the car producers. On the example of Honda it should be noted that this large car manufacturer is surrounded by preventive environmental factors. Political factors, such as degree of intervention in the economy, are rather influential external factor for automobile industry. There are set customers protection laws, which are focused on the safety of customers’ interests. Moreover, the qualities of the infrastructure of the economy as well as the knowledge of the workforce are determinant factors in the political context of the country. Practices of employment or labor laws are also important for the automobile industry. Workforce protection laws are followed by Honda. Moreover, a tendency for a constant innovations and technological advancement is also reflected by the policies of the Company. Economic Environment of Honda influences development of economically safe and reliable automobiles and engines, which are customer-friendly. Business decisions of Honda are developed with respect to the main concerns of economic factors (Khanfan & Loudon, 2008). There is a strong

Interpersonal Communication Strategies

Interpersonal Communication Strategies There are a lot of thing that are being taught about interpersonal communication in todays society. There are many thing that I have learned that will help you in your relationship as a married couple. Some of the thing that are important in interpersonal communication that will help you better communicate with one another will be discussed here today. There are a lot of skills that are needed to communicate effectively, identifying the barriers to effective interpersonal interactions as well as developing strategies for active, critical and empathic listening. Also according to what is being taught, learning how to evaluate appropriate levels of self-disclosure in relationships and also learning to understand how perceptions, emotions, and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships. Learning strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts, is something that researchers feel could also a help a relationship. Here is some of what I have learnedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Identifying the barriers to effective interpersonal interactions is a very interesting subject as well as a great way to learn how to deal with or look for these barriers. According to Eric Garner, who list seven of the top barriers Its not always easy and often takes a lot of determination. But making an effort to remove the obstacles tangible and intangible that stand in our way, can be the key to building relationships that really work(Garner 2012) With Physical being the first barrier that he listed which mean Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as more communication channels are available and less technology is required. Although modern technology often serves to reduce the impact of physical barriers, the advantages and disadvantages of each communication channel should be understood so that an appropriate channel can be used to overcome the physical barriers, closed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for people of different status, large worki ng areas or working in one unit that is physically separate from others. The second barrier Eric list is perceptual barriers is where the, The problem with communicating with others is that we all see the world differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to communicate: something like extrasensory perception would take its place. The next of the barriers are listed as emotional barriers is where, One of the chief barriers to open and free communications is the emotional barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others lie in our childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we said to others. Then we have, cultural barriers which means, when we join a group and wish to remain in it, sooner or later we need to adopt the behavior patterns of the group. These are the behaviors that the group accepts as signs of belonging. The group rewards such behavior through acts of recognition, approval and inclusion. In groups which are happy to accept you and where you are happy to conform, there is a mutuality of interest and a high level of win-win contact. Where, however, there are barriers to your membership of a group, a high level of game-playing replaces good communication. Next we have, Language barriers is described as, language that desc ribes what we want to say in our terms may present barriers to others who are not familiar with our expressions, buzz-words and jargon. When we couch our communication in such language, it is a way of excluding others. In a global market place the greatest compliment we can pay another person is to talk in their language. The sixth barrier is, the gender barrier, this barrier relates to There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and those in a woman. A woman speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000. In childhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of three, have a vocabulary twice that of boys. The reason for this lies in the wiring of a mans and womans brains. When a man talks, his speech is located in the left side of the brain but in no specific area. When a woman talks, the speech is located in both hemispheres and in two specific locations. This means that a man talks in a linear, logical and compartmentalized way, features of left-brain thinking; whereas a woman talks more freely mixing logic and emotion, features of both sides of the brain. It also explains why women talk for much longer than men each day. The last barrier that Eric Garner mentions is, interpersonal barriers, which sates that, There are six levels at which people can distance themselves from one another. These six things are listed as Withdrawal is an absence of interpersonal contact. It is both refusals to be in touch and time alone. Rituals are meaningless, repetitive routines devoid of real contact. Pastimes fill up time with others in social but superficial activities. Working activities are those tasks which follow the rules and procedures of contact but no more. Games are subtle, manipulative interactions which are about winning and losing. They include rackets and stamps. Closeness is the aim of interpersonal contact where there is a high level of honesty and acceptance of yourself and others. Working on improving your communications is a broad-brush activity. You have to change your thoughts, your feelings, and your physical connections. That way, you can break down the barriers that get in your way and start b uilding relationships that really work. Learning how to overcome these barriers and communicate with your mate effectively can make a world of different in how well you know your mate as well as how well you all will get along and how long the relationship will last. (Garner E. 2012) Now I will talk to you both about some of the strategies you can use for active, critical and empathic listening. To fully understand what your partner is trying to communicate to you it is really important to comprehend what he or she is saying to you. Now we know that some people like to talk more then others but when trying to communicate with your partner we have to remember to listen to the other person and give them the chance to talk as well. When everyone wants to talk and no one wants to listen it only complicates things and makes people unhappy. Communicating effectively is when you are able to express yourself effectively as well as being able to take time to listen keenly and carefully to what the other person is saying. Some of the strategies that can help you both to be more effective listener are, that when your partner is talking listen carefully and you can be able to repeat what he or she has said. This will help you to remember what the topic was and the kind of in formation that was shared rather it was super important or not so important later. If of you have the habit of forgetting what is discussed, it is important to be writing down the main points which will help you later. Distractions should be avoided in order to increase your ability of developing good listening skills, important communication between the two of you for example when you are budgeting your finances, it is important to switch off the TV phones, radios, or another such gadgets. It is important to listen from the heart which means having empathy towards what your partner is talking about Examine the body language, and lastly when something is not clear ask questions for clearing your understanding. Poor interpersonal communication level is the main cause of many broken marriages or couples seeking for counseling to restore their marriages. The common refrain used by most couples is that he or she no longer understands me. The main focus which couples are required to do is to understand and explore how to communicate to each other and the various problems they might be facing in communication . When you need your commutation to be improved the main aspects which you have to focus are the various communication mechanisms such as presenting honest and direct questions, providing feedback and setting aside time to talk to one another. Having a conflict is not the major issue but the main challenge is how you will be able to handle the conflict which will determine your future. Solving the conflict through the use of effective communication skills and understanding couples with respect leads to you having a happier future and building a stronger relationship. In future as you are confronted with conflicts, these communication skills tips will be effective for you. So keep them in your mind with the aim of having a positive outcome. Many couples think theyre communicating with each other when they sort out who will pick up the kids, pay the bills or call the grandparents, says Orbuch. But thats not the kind of communication shes talking about.(Schoenberg N. 2011) The article Can We Talk, Researcher talks about the role of communication in marriages I believe can really help you both to work on your communication skills with one another in your relationship. The article gives insight in to how couples can work on lea rning more about one another on a more personal level. Conversation partners related use of function words-such as pronouns, articles, conjunctions, prepositions and negations-augurs well for mutual romantic interest and stable relationships, says a team led by graduate student Molly Ireland and psychologist James Pennebaker, both of the University Of Texas At Austin. I find myself agreeing with the two psychologists. I believe that the use of language and grammar really contributes to the type of communication that we engage in our everyday life. The words people use when communicating with other has more meaning then people realize. So far in this class I have learned that it is not just what you rather then how you word things as well as your body language and facial expressions. An interesting irony is that two people who truly hate one another will often exhibit a high amount of language-style matching, Pennebaker says.Two people locked in a bitter fight tend to talk, or yell, in similar ways. Mostly, though, highly attentive conver sation partners like one another. (Bower B. 2012) According to Tim Borchers Self-disclosure is not simply providing information to another person. Instead, scholars define self-disclosure as sharing information with others that they would not normally know or discover. Self-disclosure involves risk and vulnerability on the part of the person sharing the information. Tim also states A useful way of viewing self-disclosure is the Johari window. The Johari window is a way of showing how much information you know about yourself and how much others know about you. The window contains four panes, as shown below. The Open Pane includes information such as hair color, occupation, and physical appearance. The Blind Pane includes information that others can see in you, but you cannot see in your self. You might think you are poor leader, but others think you exhibit strong leadership skills. The Hidden Pane contains information you wish to keep private, such as dreams or ambitions. The Unknown Pane includes everything that you and others do n ot know about yourself. You may have hidden talents, for example, that you have not explored. Through self-disclosure, we open and close panes so that we may become more intimate with others. I believe that using the method that Tim talks about can really help to better the self discloser in you interpersonal relationship. There are also functions and risk that Tim listed that can be helpful to a marriage as new as yours. He states Self-disclosure performs several functions. It is a way of gaining information about another person. We want to be able to predict the thoughts and actions of people we know. Self-disclosure is one way to learn about how another person thinks and feels. Once one person engages in self-disclosure, it is implied that the other person will also disclose personal information. This is known as the norm of reciprocity. Mutual disclosure deepens trust in the relationships and helps both people understand each other more. You also come to feel better about yourself and your relationship when the other person accepts what you tell them. Risks of Self-Disclosure While there are several advantages to self-disclosure, there are also risks. One risk is that the person will not respond favorably to the information. Self-disclosure does not automatically lead to favorable impressions. Anot her risk is that the other person will gain power in the relationship because of the information they possess. Finally, too much self-disclosure or self-disclosure that comes too early in a relationship can damage the relationship. Thus, while self-disclosure is useful, it can also be damaging to a relationship. ( Borchers T. 1999) Now I will give you some information that I have learned about perceptions, emotions, and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships. According to Sole, Perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, and organizing information that comes in through your senses. The perceptual process allows you to become conscious of situations in your environment that might be dangerous or that require your attention, and it is essential to your survival. Most people tend to think that they perceive the world as it really is; however, the truth is that they perceive only a small portion of what they encounter in the outside environment. Everything in the environment that has the potential to be perceived can be defined as a stimulus. These stimuli come to you through your five senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch; you pay attention to some of these stimuli and not to others. You then try to make sense of the stimuli you are aware of or have paid attention to and create your own interpretations and meaning of them. Nonverbal communication is defined as communication of a message without words, which means that it encompasses a wide range of vocal and visual signs and behaviors. Throughout your life, you express thoughts and ideas not only through language but also through your voice, eyes, face, body posture and movement, and hand gestures. Understanding emotions and expressing these emotions appropriately is the key to successful communication with others. People who are aware of their emotions and are sensitive to the emotions of others are better able to handle the ups and downs of life, to rebound from adversity, and to maintain fulfilling relationships with others. As a result, say researchers, they can live more satisfying lives (Matthews, Zeidner, Roberts, 2003). Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that can be learned. We can improve our emotional intelligence by increasing our awareness of emotional issues and improving our ability to identify, assess, and manage our feelings.(So le, 2011) People skills involve a wide range of interpersonal skills including appropriate self-disclosure determining how much personal information to share with others, appropriate assertion skills presenting your ideas and opinions so that they are recognized, collaborative skills working well with others, problem solving skills, and conflict resolution skills. In conclusion I feel that communicating effectively in any relationship especially in a new marriage take time, practice and skill. There are many skills that you can use when trying to better the level of communication in your marriage. These skills include identifying the barriers to effective interpersonal interactions as well as developing strategies for active, critical and empathic listening. Other skills that you both can try and gain a better understanding of are, appropriate levels of self-disclosure in relationships and also learning to understand how perceptions, emotions, and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships. The skill that I feel will help you the most in order to keep you relationship smooth is, Learning strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts. I really hope that this advice and research will help you to have a long and successful marriage. Sincerely Tiffany D. Roberson Reference Page Borchers T., 1999 Moorhead State University Allyn Bacon Retrieved from: http://www.abacon.com/commstudies/interpersonal/indisclosure.html Bower Bruce, Science News 2012 U.S.News World Report LP Retrieved from: http://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/11/22/shared-talking-styles-herald-new-and-lasting-romance Garner E. 2012, Seven Barriers to Great Communication Retrieved from: http://www.hodu.com/barriers.shtml Schoenberg N, CHICAGO TRIBUNE February 6, 2011, 2012 Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved From: http://www.chron.com/life/article/Researcher-talks-about-the-role-of-communication-1690761.php Sole, K. (2011).Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. retrieved from: https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUCOM200.11.1/sections/glossary?search=interpersonal%20communication#w103694

Emergency Medical service Essay

The purpose of this report is to socially analyze the first assignment that has already been conducted. This report is divided into two parts, the first part reflects on the matter of the first assignment to identify and list significant issues discussed in the assignment. The second part performs a social analysis of the identified problems of the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) organization by using a number of sources related to the subject. Personal reflection of first assignment In the first assignment, my task was to analyse and construct a common KADS model for an Emergency Medical service (EMS) situated in Netherlands. EMS was facing difficulties in serving the large area around its location in a proper and efficient way. Many efficiency related issues were arising regarding the functioning of EMS. On analysis it became apparent that these difficulties were related to three types of delays that were encountered: †¢ Patient delay †¢ GP arrival delay †¢ Treatment delay In order to overcome these difficulties, some solutions were recommended. Analysing real life organizations and making recommendations for betterment is not an easy task and relatively new for me therefore, lots of effort was put in gathering the relevant information, understanding the job descriptions and requirements. Then in depth analysis and thorough study of the working of organization was performed to reach the proper conclusions and the recommendations made were also tested for efficiency and betterment. The common KADS methodology was employed to perform the analysis and resolve the problems regarding the real life data of organizations which was a new concept for me and common KADS requires analysis and modelling to be performed through tables that depict many aspects of organization like problems and opportunities, solutions available and the process and working of the organization. Application of these methodologies to improve the efficiency of working of an organization and finding solution is different and new but with constant effort I was able to grasp the general idea of application of common KADS and making use of the common KADS methodology tables were used for analysis of EMS organization and solution was found to resolve the difficulties faced by the organization in its working. The example of Ice cream case study provided by the lecturer went a long way in helping me understand the idea of common KADS and how we perform analysis of real life organization data using the common KADS methodology. On reflection I find common KADS methodology interesting to study and I fully understand now the worth of this tool in making in depth analysis of organizations to find solutions for betterment in an organization. Common KADS is an efficient tool to use in group projects for data analysis and to make inferences regarding the state of organizations. Social analysis: In the previous assignment Common KADS modelling and analysis was applied to the EMS organization and three problem areas were identified: patient delay, GP arrival delay and treatment delay. In this section we will analyse the above identified problems and we shall define social theories to gain in depth understanding of these problems. The first problem identified is the patient delay. Patient delay is the average waiting time of the patient before calling the GP. This estimated time for the EMS organization is one hour. Reducing this delay can play a major role in decreasing the rate of death due to patient delay. In Netherlands monarchy system of government is established where a policy exists in which an individual or a function is in authority and controls all other persons under him in a company or organization. In this situation most people are trained to work under one person’s authority without any interference (Davenport & Prusak 1997). In this kind of monarch system of government implemented in Netherlands, people often own little responsibility as they are more prone to listening than action. Therefore, most of the people are hesitant in calling the GP even when they feel sick, until they are quite sure of their ailing condition. This patient delay problem can be solved by starting awareness programs in public to make them take due action quickly and contact the GP when they fall ill. According to Nonaka and konno(1998, pp42) the tacit knowledge can be exchanged between the individuals through a lot of activities such as being together, spending time and written or verbal instructions which is called the socialization. Moreover, this awareness is considered as a tacit knowledge so it can be imparted to the general public by distributing some educational materials and starting some training programmes that provide heuristic lessons to the public. As a result, the people will become aware of the danger of waiting too long before calling the GP and how it may affect their health. The disqualifications of the GP to make the right decision at the right time could be the result of the lack of education or the lack of training and experience. To overcome the problems related to poor diagnosis of the GP the EMS organisation needs to recruit more experienced and qualified GP staff or train existing GP by arranging different work shops and seminars where the GP could be further educated through the exchange of experience between the staff. The third problem identified during analysis was the treatment delay. In the treatment delay another 25 minutes are wasted before treating the patient after arrival and diagnosis at the hospital unless the patient is diagnosed to have AMI. The reason of this delay can be associated with the relationship between the paramedic and the doctor. As mentioned before, the system of government in Netherlands is a monarchy system. This system is covering all the levels of governmental organisations where the paramedic level comes under the GP level. As a result of this structure, the paramedic examines the patient before the GP as he was with the patient in the ambulance before reaching the hospital. The GP should listen to the paramedic’s account of patient condition and involve the paramedic in making the treatment decision regarding the patient. To find a solution to this problem the system of dealing with the levels in hierarchical structure must be changed. For example, the EMS should implement the federalism system which involves representative democracy which would help in eradicating the problems faced due to a weak central government and a high level of local autonomy (Davenport & Prusak 1997). Conclusion Therefore after conducting the above reflection on my previous assignment and performing social analysis I find myself better acquainted with the common KADS methodology. It is a worthy tool in analysing and resolving the problems of any organization. As in the case of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) this tool was helpful in identifying the major delay problems faced by the patients and provided many alternative solutions for the betterment of EMS service available for the patients.

Analysis on Mi Abuelo

The narrator’s Mi Abuelo is the grandfather. The beginning connects with the end of the poem. The poem is a depiction of human thoughts during his old age. The grandfather released his angst through the narrator. The conflict of the poem is that the narrator could not understand why the grandfather always told him that his hair is a sieve. He argues with the grandfather saying that his hair is not a sieve but the old man continued to insist the sieve hair. From this context, it was seen that the character is a weak person because he could not show his real emotions towards one situation or thing. He turned his guilt and insanity towards other people to hide the complexities of thinking. The author attacked within the poem in a simple rationalization. As the reader, I saw two different conflicts that emerged in the whole poem but the author resolved only one conflict, which is the narrator’s conflicts towards the issue of having a sieve hair but the grandfather’s conflict within his own self was unresolved. The sieve hair in the poem symbolizes the life of the grandfather. His journey and struggle were sieved in an untangled path of existence. He said that the narrator’s hair is a sieve because by the end of it all, the narrator’s life will be the same as the grandfather. In terms of the poem’s construction, it was not fully understandable because the author’s way of dividing each line and stanzas do not have complete essence. Each line could not stand its own meaning alone because it depends on the next line in a complex manner. The term â€Å"Mi Abuelo† was not thoroughly defined. This term was only compared to the grandfather without justification of its true essence and meaning as a word. Because of this, readers would become confuse with the statement of Mi Abuelo and being the title of the poem. Despite of it all, the poem is a simple thing that is easy to understand and discuss. It shows the life and issues that old people used to obtain whether it is meaningless or senseless, for them these are still important and relevant to life.    Reference(1982). Mi Abuelo.  Ã‚   From Whispering to Fool the Wind. New York: SheepMeadow. Retrieved 23 February 2008.

Examine the practical and the morale constraints upon...

Jewish resistance throughout the holocaust has caused much debate among academics historians, and even governments. Historians conclude that resistance was practical and morally constrained throughout the Second World War, for a variety of reasons. Historians such as Rab Bennett, Michael Marrus, Richard L Rubenstein, and John K Roth all have written in detail about the constraints placed upon Jewish resistance throughout this period. Each of these explanations will be examined throughout this paper. Furthermore, this paper will discuss examples of Jewish resistance during the holocaust, while applying the theories of each historian to explain in detail about the morale and practical constraints within Jewish resistance. Three main†¦show more content†¦All were shot in front of the population in the city. Thereafter, the Germans divided all work parties leaving the ghetto into groups of ten; if one person escaped, the entire group would be killed. â€Å"Collective reasonabil ity† was a practical measure to contain resistance. The main aim of the practice was to kill people indiscriminately and strike fear into the entire community. Rab Bennett attributes this to be a main factor in constraining resistance. Fear became the ultimate weapon that the Wermacht and Gestapo would use against the Jewish population to get them to comply with their demands. The Nazi army went further to strengthen the policy of â€Å"collective responsibility†, which aimed to consolidate total fear upon the Jewish population within Europe. The Nazi army council in 1941, ordered reprisal killings for every single German soldier killed. The total settled at 100:1 in Yugoslavia and Greece however 300:1 was not uncommon, much depended on the ruthlessness of the German commander. Jewish resistance became much more constrained throughout the Holocaust by the use of these brutal methods. The Germans began to starve Jewish ghettos such as Warsaw and Bialystok in 1940-1941 to continue with the policy of the final solution. The rules that German soldiers applied to Jewish ghettos were extremely harsh and so stringent that if Jews were to obey they would probably have perished in a short periodShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesis thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious read which invites reflexivity, criticalness and plurality of opinion from the audience. This is a book that will becomeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact Thi s Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswhich were spread ever more broadly among different social groups—including women, laborers, INTRODUCTION †¢ 3 ethnic minorities, and gays—made strides that were perhaps greater than all of those achieved in previous history combined. During the same time span, however, state tyranny and brutal oppression reached once unimaginable levels—in large part due to the refinement or introduction of new technologies of repression and surveillance and modes of mass organization and control.